The Spirit-Writing Movement in the Chaozhou Region: Response to Modern Crises (1840–1949)

The spirit-writing (fuluan 扶鸞 or fuji 扶乩) movement was a response to modern crises in the domain of Chinese popular religion. From nineteenth century, cults sprang up throughout China and became national religious trend. These were centered around moral reform promoted through aimed reorient traditional values. This article focuses on how conceptualized as jie 劫 by means spirit-writing, expounded local context, reacted these ideas their social practices. In Chaozhou region, arose context disasters, political chaos, transmission foreign culture religions from late century. discoursed concept doctrinal foundation endeavored save world receiving revelations deities. They regarded doing good deeds way cultivation urged people perform avert disasters. Through planchette, they meaning enriched crisis theories practice. demonstrated initiative religion, interpreting reacting using soteriological notions